View Article Google Scholar 8. As discussed, there are sex differences within outcome expectancies relating to aggressive behaviours [ 30 ]. Consider these misconceptions:. Journal of Organizational Behavior. Average scores for each sub-set of vignettes five sub-sets in total are also presented in Table 1. Prevention Science. Materials and methods This research received written approval from recover messages from tinder ruined online dating Swansea University Department of Psychology ethics committee reference Addictive behaviors. Measurement Instruments for the Social Sciences. View Article Google Scholar 2. Free video chat single women online kinky meets they may enjoy your company, they might not want to spend all their free time with you. Aggression and Violent Behavior [Internet]. For correlations between all variables, see the S1 Table. There were originally 26 vignettes. Pew Research Center.
As part of an exploratory analysis, participants completed measures of personality and attitude toward the opposite sex to examine the correlates of POE and NOE. Correlations r between individual differences and harassment perception and positive and negative outcome expectancies by sex. A review of the literature on OEs in relation friends online dating site eharmony honest reviews reddit substance abuse found them to be predictive of engagement 100% free dating sites for widows best sex apps philippines successful cessation and, importantly, to be modifiable within treatment [ 51 ]. Psychological Assessment. For example, perspectives which explain sex differences in harassment in terms of power dynamics focus on gender harassment, typically within the workplace [ 3292 ], and might lead to interventions built under faulty assumptions—that harassment is an assertion of power from those that desire power in and of. Archives of Sexual Behavior. A systematic review of the association between best one night stand forum pick up lines for courtney myth acceptance and male-on-female sexual violence. Supporting information. Overall, men and women predicted that the actions would lead to positive and negative outcomes in similar ways.
Clearly sexual harassment is a multifaceted behaviour. This difference was small-to-medium in size. Archer J. Romantic love involves intense feelings of intimacy, passion, and even temporary euphoria for another person. A review of the literature on OEs in relation to substance abuse found them to be predictive of engagement and successful cessation and, importantly, to be modifiable within treatment [ 51 ]. Understanding the Role of Community in Online Dating. Human mate poaching: Tactics and temptations for infiltrating existing mateships. It has long been recognised that individuals that engage in sexual offenses have lower expectancies of negative outcomes [e. The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections. Does sexual selection explain human sex differences in aggression? Gibbons R, Evans J. The relationships among perceptions, attitudes, and experiences of sexual harassment in university students. Aromantic people do form strong bonds and have loving relationships that have nothing to do with romance. People of any sexual orientation can be aromantic. Using an outcome expectancy framework, this research sought to understand sex differences in the underlying beliefs that influence harassment perception. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice. Sex-specific models predicting harassment perception using positive outcome expectancies, negative outcome expectancies, and their interaction.
That OEs would predict H-scores H3 was only partially supported; a significant model emerged for men but not women. Computers free international online dating app finding a woman for sex human behavior reports [Internet]. However, what these theories have in common is that sexual harassment is classed as a goal-directed behaviour. Predictors of naturalistic sexual aggression. Romantic love can drive you to distraction before settling into a less intense, but still romantic relationship. Measuring the interplay between positive and negative outcome expectancies things to put on online dating profile flirt with her texting relation to sexual harassment perception is a novel approach, that may have implications for the development of anti-sexual harassment interventions. Women will perceive significantly greater levels of harassment within vignettes than men. For women, RMA and holding sadistic tendencies correlated with positive outcome expectancies and younger women were less likely to see positive outcomes from the behaviour. Aromantic relationship. Table 2. Current health interventions demonstrate that addressing and reducing inaccurate positive OEs reduce problem behaviours [ 44 ]. Measurement Instruments for the Social Sciences. Women appear more likely to perceive persistence from an ex-partner as indicative of harassment. Trialling this further, including the modification of positive OEs and follow-up data, in the context of sexual harassment would be a useful next step. All components, including negative OEs, were significantly altered in the desired directions between pre- and post-intervention [ 56 ]. Correlations between H, POE, and NOE scores revealed that harassment perception was positively associated with predicted negative outcomes, and negatively associated with positive outcomes Table 2. A systematic review of primary prevention strategies for sexual violence perpetration. JMIR Diabetes.
Sexual harassment training effectiveness: An interdisciplinary review and call for research. Journal of Research in Personality. Aromantic vs. Smith BL. Table 2. Sex-specific models predicting harassment perception using positive outcome expectancies, negative outcome expectancies, and their interaction. What it really takes to stop sexual harassment. The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections. A recent study [ 49 ] discusses this limitation and investigated how positive and negative OEs were related to intimate partner violence. Advances in the understanding of same-sex and opposite-sex sexual harassment. All components, including negative OEs, were significantly altered in the desired directions between pre- and post-intervention [ 56 ]. Guilford publications; Are They Even Real? Tinkler JE, Zhao J. It might be the case, for example, that OEs at time 1 are a better predictor of later harassment judgements than the inverse. This research received written approval from the Swansea University Department of Psychology ethics committee reference Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Masden C, Edwards WK.
Computers in human behavior reports [Internet]. Hayes AF. When POE was low or average, actions deemed likely to produce negative outcomes were linked to higher perceptions of harassment. Research and best-practice guidelines encourage the use of sex-specific programmes and advise careful programme formatting based on the target audience and desired outcomes [ 21 , 22 ]. Characterizations of online harassment: Comparing policies across social media platforms. Journal of Research in Personality. Furthermore, despite men being more likely to perpetrate sexual harassment, men are more likely than women to react negatively in response to current, standard, sexual harassment training [ 14 , 15 ]. The evolution of social cognitive theory. This represented an increase of more than one standard deviation in harassment perception, shifting response from the middle 4. Spikes C, Sternadori M. Addressing outcomes expectancies in behavior change. Sociosexuality, having demonstrable links with sexual harassment [ 72 , 90 , 91 ], may be the defining factor influencing the biased impact of POE on H rather than sex itself although sex is likely a mediatory factor. The majority of participants were recruited via social media e. Sexual harassment on the Internet. The relationships among perceptions, attitudes, and experiences of sexual harassment in university students.
Gambling-related cognitive biases and pathological gambling among youths, young adults, and mature adults in Chinese societies. As positive OEs moderate the impact of negative ones on harassment perception, merely emphasising possible repercussions is unlikely to reduce engagement in harassment. Measurement Instruments for the Social Sciences. Measuring the interplay between positive and tinder match code good things to put in your bio on tinder outcome expectancies in relation to sexual harassment perception is a novel approach, that may have implications for the development of anti-sexual harassment interventions. Frontiers in Neuroscience. Measures of attitude and personality. Sociology Compass. This may be due, how to find women to have sex facebook dating new zealand part, to the minimal consideration given to dating app advice reddit places for mature women to meet rowan county role of individual differences in harassment interventions. As an example, an intervention tailored to the desire to gain status enhancement significantly reduced bullying behaviours by enabling access to this goal using alternative means [ 96 ]. For example, some sociocultural arguments view sexual harassment as a method of seeking or maintaining power [ 3233 ]. View Article Google Scholar 6. Table 2. Repeating the reported analyses using gender rather than sex yielded qualitatively similar results. Henry N, Powell A. Modifying OEs can be an important part of the motivational development stage of therapy in those that do not have the intention to change [ 52 ]. These findings echo research in which sex differences in aggression were survey questions about online dating free irish dating chat moderated by positive and negative OEs [ 30 ]. An interactive simulation to change outcome expectancies and intentions in adults with type 2 diabetes: Within-subjects experiment. Personality and Individual Differences. That is, training is not tailored toward those groups more likely to engage in sexual harassment, such as those who are young, sexist, or high in dark triad traits narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism despite clear associations between these factors and sexual harassment attitudes and engagement [ 9 — 11 ]. The handbook of behavior change. Rather, interventions could adopt a goal-driven approach, providing alternative behaviours that arguably hold a higher positive outcome likelihood.
As discussed, future research should be complemented with further examination of individual differences. Medically reviewed by Debra Rose Wilson, Ph. This made no significant change to the results. Drinking motives and alcohol outcome expectancies as mediators of the association between negative urgency and alcohol consumption. Oppression or Opportunity? Download: PPT. JMIR Diabetes. The dark triad and sadism also have specific links with online harassment [ 75 , 76 ]. Procedure The study began by participants providing informed consent and demographic information.
S1 Table. As discussed, future research should be complemented with further examination of individual differences. A systematic review of primary prevention strategies for sexual violence perpetration. Men appeared to judge male-on-female 30 dating secrets to a successful long lasting relationship online date chat tips interactions based on their belief in the behaviour having a desirable outcome. Both studies discussed only raising awareness of negative OEs not reducing positives and neither recorded any follow-up data on actual engagement in sexual offenses. This may be due, in part, to the minimal consideration given to the role of individual differences in harassment interventions. Craker N, March E. Psychology of Women Quarterly. What it really takes to stop sexual harassment. Journal of Organizational Behavior. Personality and Individual Differences oral sex chat city ourtime search women. All questions were responded to using a Likert scale 1 — Extremely unlikely to 7 — Extremely Likely. A review of the literature on OEs in relation to substance abuse found them to be predictive of engagement and successful cessation and, importantly, to be modifiable within treatment [ 51 ]. JMIR Diabetes. This represented an increase of more than one standard deviation in harassment perception, shifting response from the middle 4. To examine the interplay between positive and negative outcome expectancies on perceptions of harassment, we good tinder bios for asian men fast flirting adelaide a hierarchical regression for both sexes Table 3.
The relationships among perceptions, attitudes, and experiences of sexual harassment in university students. In men, higher positive OEs are associated with intimate partner violence perpetration and with poor treatment responses [ 49 ]. Pryor JB. S1 Table. Barak A. Unfortunately, there are many inconsistencies in how sexual harassment programmes are implemented and a lack of empirical findings being applied to programmes [ 20 ]. This study examined sex differences in how positive and negative outcome expectancies OEs affected judgements of social interactions as sexual harassment. This highlights the importance of tailoring an intervention to the target audience. Evolutionary psychology extends this view, explaining that sexual harassment is an aggressive mate-gaining tactic, with cross-sex harassment being a form of mate-signalling while same-sex harassment degrades sexual competitors [ 38 , 39 ]. What It Means to Be Aromantic. Annual review of psychology. Journal of Gambling Studies. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The term aromantic has nothing to with sex. We spoke to individuals and couples in….
We investigated variance in POE by considering its association with some traits known to predict harassment behaviour [ 9 — 11 ]. Results Each vignette was examined and compared between the sexes to determine any particular behaviours of. There was no additional external funding received for this study. Further, sexual harassment training invokes pick up lines that will make a girl blush texting factory sex chat operator stereotypes; as typical sex-roles depict men as strong and overtly sexual and women as weak and conservative, men are typically perceived as perpetrators and women as victims within training sessions [ 19 ]. Trying to force romance on an aromantic person — or any person — is a bad idea. The handbook of behavior change. Expanding your understanding of attraction beyond romantic and sexual can help you navigate a full range of feelings. Women appear more likely to perceive persistence from an ex-partner as indicative of harassment. Supporting information. Vignettes depicted typical examples of male-on-female sexual harassment in online and digital contexts.
Hypotheses H1. Pryor JB. Psychological Review. Like anybody else, aromantics enjoy best free hispanic dating site dating online example profiles variety of healthy relationships with family, close friends, and acquaintances. Studies demonstrate men to be how to make a good dating profile thai dating chonburi sexually aggressive than women [ 70 ] and some define sexual harassment as an aggressive mate-seeking tactic [ 7172 ], thus sex differences surrounding outcome expectancies should also be investigated. Numerous individual differences have been linked with sexual harassment attitudes and proclivity across studies. It is therefore important to first understand perceptions and differences in perceptions of potentially harassing behaviours. Addictive behaviors. Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting information files.
View Article Google Scholar 2. Roehling M v. Measuring the interplay between positive and negative outcome expectancies in relation to sexual harassment perception is a novel approach, that may have implications for the development of anti-sexual harassment interventions. Bandura A. How important are positive and negative outcome expectancies in the treatment of addiction: A narrative review of the literature. The motivation underlying sexual harassment is a matter of much debate and, without sufficient understanding of said motivation, an effective, goal-orientated intervention cannot be developed. Within health behaviour interventions, positive OE perceptions are challenged, and the benefits of alternative behaviours are discussed. How a behaviour is valued e. Tolerance of sexual harassment: An examination of gender differences, ambivalent sexism, social dominance, and gender roles. Evolution and Human Behavior [Internet]. Hypotheses H1. For example, women are more likely than men to perceive certain behaviours at harassment [ 24 , 25 ]. Aromantic vs. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Consider these misconceptions:. The study began by participants providing informed consent and demographic information. Psychological Inquiry.
Therefore, sexual harassment is a more salient topic for women and one they are more likely to be vigilant in detecting. Discussion This study examined sex differences in how positive and negative outcome expectancies OEs affected judgements of social interactions as sexual harassment. A breakdown of vignettes individually did not reveal many differences between the sexes, with these being constrained to positive OEs with moderate effect sizes associated with relationship disruption. In addition to our main hypotheses, we also investigated, on an exploratory basis, what individual differences e. Oppression or Opportunity? Journal of Applied Social Psychology. Englewood cliffs Prentice Hall; Evolution and Human Behavior. In men, higher positive OEs are associated with intimate partner violence perpetration and with poor treatment responses [ 49 ]. However, as the decision-making literature shows [ 30 , 50 , 69 ], there may also be some interplay between negative and positive outcome expectancies in relation to harassment perception. Journal of Research on Adolescence. Aromantic vs. View Article Google Scholar 8. Furthermore, men typically have a physical advantage over women in a potentially threatening situation and women suffer greater consequences of reputation damage in relation to sexual encounters [ 67 ]. A review of the literature on OEs in relation to substance abuse found them to be predictive of engagement and successful cessation and, importantly, to be modifiable within treatment [ 51 ]. This suggests that it is not any one area of concern, but rather an accumulation of small differences, particularly within positive OEs, which are associated with problematic views and intent. They were asked to what extent they thought each scenario constituted sexual harassment, and how likely the perpetrator would experience positive and negative outcomes.
We would also predict that perceptions of sexual harassment behaviour would be tied with outcome expectancy and that anticipated positive outcomes would be inversely related to anticipated negative outcomes. The handbook of behavior change. This difference was small-to-medium in size. For correlations between apps for people who want to cheat on spouse tinder check blocked messages variables, see the S1 Table. With so many birth control pill brands out there, it can be hard to know where to begin. Human mate poaching: Tactics and temptations for infiltrating existing mateships. Some people believe that they're a newly discovered…. The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections. We would predict that women would perceive greater rates of harassment due to the greater threat of harassment that women typically face. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. Advances in the understanding of same-sex and opposite-sex sexual harassment. Sociology Compass. Whilst the manipulation of best affair apps uk 21 jump street pick up lines expectancies OEs has proven an effective dating sites free online dating pick up lines for british guys approach in the domains discussed, they have not been applied further in contemporary sexual harassment interventions. Alphas relate to the sample gathered in the present study. Gendered Perceptions of 100% free dating hook up site for locals free dating sides in south africa Harassment Preprint. Trialling this further, including the modification of positive OEs and follow-up data, in the context of sexual harassment would be a useful next step. Table 1. The motivation underlying sexual harassment is a matter of much debate and, without sufficient understanding of said motivation, an effective, goal-orientated intervention cannot be developed.
Table 1. Social Science Computer Review. They can still enjoy a good love song or movie with a romantic theme. In addition to our main hypotheses, we also investigated, on an exploratory basis, what individual differences e. Research on aromanticism is lacking and there may be some reluctance to talk about it. Conversely, negative expectancies were associated with negative perceptions of intimate partner violence and greater motivation toward treatment. Psychology of Women Quarterly. We would also predict that perceptions of sexual harassment behaviour would be tied with outcome expectancy and that anticipated positive outcomes would be inversely related to anticipated negative outcomes. A breakdown of vignettes individually did not reveal many differences between the sexes, with these being constrained to positive OEs with moderate effect sizes associated with relationship disruption. Thus, men who think that an action is likely to lead to a negative outcome are less inclined to view this action as harassment if they also feel the behaviour is likely to lead to a positive outcome Fig 1. Repeating the reported analyses using gender rather than sex yielded qualitatively similar results. You want to learn everything about them and be with them as much as possible. S1 Table. Ambivalent sexism revisited. Learn more about why this occurs. Each vignette was examined and compared between the sexes to determine any particular behaviours of interest. There appears to be a lack of investigation into positive and negative outcome expectancies as independent factors relating to sexual harassment; specifically, how these interact with one another, whether either carries more weight, and, consequentially, how they affect attitudes and behaviours both separately and together. Barak A. This may be due, in part, to the minimal consideration given to the role of individual differences in harassment interventions.
Dobbin F, Kalev A. Within health behaviour interventions, positive OE perceptions are challenged, and the benefits of alternative behaviours are discussed. Multiple studies have demonstrated the high risks of sexual abuse and harassment associated with online activity such as the use of dating applications [ 60 — 63 ]. This research received written approval from the Swansea University Department of Psychology ethics committee reference Sexual harassment training effectiveness: An interdisciplinary review and call for research. In men, higher positive OEs are associated with intimate partner violence perpetration and with poor treatment responses [ 49 ]. Psychological Review. The evolution of social cognitive theory. Two studies cited OEs as part of trialled sexual assault prevention programmes [ 5556 ] although it should be noted that sexual harassment is not in itself mentioned within these studies. Consistent with predictions, women were more likely to consider the behaviours as harassment than men. Indian journal of psychiatry. Benefits of fwb relationship adult sex hookup sites the enforcement of sexual harassment law. Sex Roles [Internet]. The survey was advertised through multiple websites, posters, and face-to-face recruitment. That is, training is not tailored toward those groups more likely to engage in sexual harassment, how to tell if someone is active on tinder single black women in atlanta for sex as those who are young, sexist, or high in dark triad traits narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism despite clear associations between these factors and sexual harassment attitudes and engagement [ 9 — 11 ]. Positive and negative outcome expectancies of sexual harassment behaviours will have an inverse relationship. Alphas relate to the sample gathered in the present study. Why sexual harassment programs backfire. A systematic review of primary prevention strategies for sexual violence perpetration. Learn more about the different birth control pill options. American sociological review.
A recent study [ 49 ] discusses this limitation and investigated how positive and negative OEs were related to intimate partner violence. Procedure The study began by participants providing informed consent and demographic information. Characterizations of online harassment: Comparing tinder wont text message me code dating asian women in minnesota across social media platforms. The latter is not a limitation of OEs as a potential intervention target, but a likely indication that the approach used within that study was not effective. Building Healthy Academic Communities Journal. Journal of Research in Personality. Feminist Media Studies. Correlations between H, POE, and NOE scores revealed that harassment perception was positively associated with predicted negative outcomes, and negatively associated with positive outcomes Table 2. JMIR Diabetes.
Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. How harassment identification and interpretation differ across individuals may have implications for intervention development. A small number of participants indicated previous engagement in sexual harassment Implications for theory and future research directions are discussed. The Stalking and Harassment Behaviour Scale: Measuring the incidence, nature, and severity of stalking and relational harassment and their psychological effects. Future directions Future research should consider alternative perspectives with the OD-SHAM such as reversing character genders to represent female-on-male harassment. Repeating the reported analyses using gender rather than sex yielded qualitatively similar results. Tinkler JE. Of the participants recruited, Aggressive Behavior. J Primary Prevent. Available from: View Article Google Scholar JMIR Diabetes.
Hasking P. Multiple studies have demonstrated the high risks of sexual abuse and harassment associated with online activity such as the use of dating applications [ 60 — 63 ]. Tinkler JE. That OEs would predict H-scores H3 was only partially supported; a significant model emerged for men but not women. Ideology or experience? Glick P, Fiske ST. The first of these studies focused on rape prevention in college males. First message to a girl on meetme one night stand in usa Article Google Scholar 8. Fig 1. View Article Google Scholar 6.
Aggression and Violent Behavior. The Stalking and Harassment Behaviour Scale: Measuring the incidence, nature, and severity of stalking and relational harassment and their psychological effects. Hayes AF. They form deep, emotional connections, but are content with platonic love and other close relationships. Multiple studies have demonstrated the high risks of sexual abuse and harassment associated with online activity such as the use of dating applications [ 60 — 63 ]. View Article Google Scholar 6. Assessment [Internet]. Measuring the interplay between positive and negative outcome expectancies in relation to sexual harassment perception is a novel approach, that may have implications for the development of anti-sexual harassment interventions. Some people believe that they're a newly discovered…. Sexual harassment occurs in every known culture [ 1 , 2 ]. The majority of participants were recruited via social media e. Here's what we found makes a girl a great friend and someone who glows from the…. Both studies discussed only raising awareness of negative OEs not reducing positives and neither recorded any follow-up data on actual engagement in sexual offenses. Sex-specific models predicting harassment perception using positive outcome expectancies, negative outcome expectancies, and their interaction. Computers in human behavior reports [Internet]. Partial correlations of individual differences with positive outcome expectancies when controlling for negative outcome expectancies. The evolution of social cognitive theory. Sociosexuality, having demonstrable links with sexual harassment [ 72 , 90 , 91 ], may be the defining factor influencing the biased impact of POE on H rather than sex itself although sex is likely a mediatory factor. It might be the case, for example, that OEs at time 1 are a better predictor of later harassment judgements than the inverse.
Ambivalent sexism revisited. Journal of Research on Adolescence. Who perceives sexual harassment? Positive and negative outcome expectancies of partner abuse among men in partner violence treatment. Craker N, March E. Should this be the case, this would suggest sexual harassment intervention development would benefit from using sex-specific approaches. Current health interventions demonstrate that addressing and reducing inaccurate positive OEs reduce problem behaviours [ 44 ]. As an example, an intervention tailored to the desire to gain status enhancement significantly reduced bullying behaviours by enabling access to this goal using alternative means [ 96 ]. An aromantic person may decide to engage in romantic behavior to please someone else. American sociological review. That is, training is not tailored toward those groups more likely to engage in sexual harassment, such as those who are young, sexist, or high in dark triad traits narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism despite clear associations between these factors and sexual harassment attitudes and engagement [ 9 — 11 ]. While they may enjoy your company, they might not want to spend all their free time with you. Overall, participants felt that the actions from the vignettes were likely to be considered harassment by the receiver and lead to negative, rather than positive, responses Table 1. These findings echo research in which sex differences in aggression were partially moderated by positive and negative OEs [ 30 ]. Budding romances and a grand romantic gestures are portrayed as the norm and as something we should all expect. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences. The promise and peril of sexual harassment programs.
This is highly similar to predictions in previous research and, as suggested by the authors, supports the notion of assessing whether differing combinations of positive and negative OEs are associated with specific characteristics and treatment needs [ 49 ]. The majority of participants were recruited via social media e. Gender, age, and sexual harassment. Why sexual harassment programs backfire. This method of observation aligns with the goals of the current research. Within health behaviour interventions, positive OE perceptions are challenged, and the benefits of alternative behaviours are discussed. An overview of the literature on sexual harassment: Perpetrator, theory, and treatment issues. Dobbin F, Kalev A. Both sexes how to see who has viewed your profile on eharmony best pick up lines smart news a very strong negative correlation between perceived positive and negative outcomes indicating that as those who felt that an action would lead to a positive outcome felt that negative outcomes were less likely. However, the predominant lack of sex differences in individual vignettes indicates that sex is not the only influential factor. This difference was small-to-medium in size. Advances in the understanding of same-sex and opposite-sex sexual harassment. Glick P, Fiske ST. Women appear more likely to perceive persistence from an ex-partner as indicative of harassment. Violence and Victims. Harvard Business Review [Internet]. Conversely however, outcome expectancies have also been argued to affect how an individual values a behaviour [ 2829 ]. How to get best results on tinder get laid in bkk handbook of behavior change. Clearly sexual harassment is a multifaceted behaviour. Table 1. Annual review of psychology.
Psychological Review. Who perceives sexual harassment? Sex differences and the impact of mate value, sex of perpetrator, and sex of target. View Article Google Scholar 7. View Article Google Scholar 2. Complementing the measure of sexual harassment beliefs with individual differences helps us to understand both whom to target and how to target them. Trialling this further, including the modification of positive OEs and follow-up data, in the context of sexual harassment would be a useful next step. Frontiers in Neuroscience. The results revealed that, for men, none of the individual differences measured herein uniquely correlated with positive outcome expectancies. A breakdown of vignettes individually did not reveal many differences between the sexes, with these being constrained to positive OEs with moderate effect sizes associated with relationship disruption. However, what these theories have in common is that sexual harassment is classed as a goal-directed behaviour.