To the north, the Great Karoo fades into the even drier and more arid Bushmanland, which eventually becomes the Kalahari desert in the very north-west of the country. PMC English 9. By Finbarr Toesland. Terry Pheto. The amendment shall be approved by a simple majority of the State Parties. It has been in power ever. Times Live. Archived PDF from the original on 13 May Upon formation, the country was named the Union of South Africa in English and Unie van Zuid-Afrika in Dutchreflecting its origin from the unification of four formerly separate British colonies. Great Britain occupied Cape Town between and to prevent it from falling under the control of the French First Republicwhich had invaded the Low Countries. South Africa is perhaps one of the African sites that has reached its pinnacle in the world of internet dating, which is why men need to be black careful while choosing these girls. There are several species of water-storing succulentslike aloes and euphorbiasin the very hot and dry Namaqualand area. The Charter sets standards and establishes the groundwork for the promotion and protection of human rights in Africa. Conscious of their duty to achieve the total liberation of Africa, the peoples of which are still struggling for their dignity and genuine independence, and undertaking to eliminate colonialism, neo-colonialism, apartheid, zionism and to dismantle aggressive foreign military bases and navigating online dating japan dating app chat and meet forms of discrimination, language, religion or political opinions. While South Africa's many broadcasters and publications reflect the diversity of the population as a whole, the most commonly used language is English. South African Government. It is the expressed objective of the government to transition the economy to be more reliant on high technology, based on the realisation that South Africa cannot compete with Far Eastern economies in manufacturing, nor can the republic rely on its mineral wealth in perpetuity. South African. When awarding the prize, the Swedish Academy stated that Coetzee "in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider. Having accepted all the provisions of the African Charter on Jewish swipe dating app art of flirting liz leia and Peoples' Rights with the approval of the People's Assembly and with the reservation that article 8 and paragraph 3 of article 8 and paragraph 3 of article 18 be implemented in accordance with the Islamic Law and that, as far as the Arab Republic of Egypt is concerned, the provision of the first paragraph of article 9 should be [confined] to such information as could be obtained within what to write on my dating profile mobile dating south africa freedom limits of the Egyptian laws and regulations.
Article Right to Health. The amendment shall be approved by a simple majority of the State Parties. Mzansi is another black urban vernacular term popular with the youth and standing for South Africa. Nations of the Modern World: Ceylon ed. South Africa was ranked 60th in the Global Innovation Index in , up from 63rd in Swedish Academy. Douglas; Stead, Alfred Archived from the original PDF on 30 July New party launched. The fynbos biome, which makes up the majority of the area and plant life in the Cape floristic region , one of the six floral kingdoms , is located in a small region of the Western Cape and contains more than 9, of those species, making it among the richest regions on earth in terms of plant diversity. The international community strengthened its support for the anti-apartheid cause. The second democratic election, in , saw the ANC increasing its majority to a point just short of two-thirds of the total vote. South african girls South african girls South african girls 4. For members we have live cam rooms option for communicating with women seeking for real love, offline dating or lifetime marriage. Genocide: A History.
Archived from the original on 9 July Franck Kuwonu. Archived from the original on 16 January The Free State is particularly flat because it lies centrally on the high plateau. South Africa has lost a large area of natural habitat in the last four decades, primarily due to overpopulation, sprawling development patterns and deforestation during the tinder festival mode how to use decatur il hookups century. Archived Kitefly online dating site asian girls date asian guys from the original on 29 July Archived from the original on 20 May The extreme southwest has a climate remarkably similar to that of the Mediterranean Sea with wet winters and hot, dry summers, hosting the famous fynbos biome of shrubland and thicket. South Africa has published two national climate change reports in and On 16 Februarythe two parties signed a peace treaty at Botshabelo. Breyten Breytenbach was jailed for his involvement with the guerrilla movement against apartheid. Sexuality in Africa 1.
Pretoria executive [2] Cape Town legislative [2] Bloemfontein judicial [2] [3]. From April to March , on average 57 murders were committed each day in South Africa. South Africa. The amendment shall be approved by a simple majority of the State Parties. By Ruth Waruhiu. In May , the country also held its sixth national and provincial elections. Main article: Mining in South Africa. The provinces are in turn divided into 52 districts : 8 metropolitan and 44 district municipalities. ANC deputy leader Kgalema Motlanthe is chosen by parliament as president. Retrieved 24 May The grass and thorn savannah turns slowly into a bush savannah towards the north-east of the country, with denser growth. See Top Names by Gender. The two major historic groups were the Xhosa and Zulu peoples. Mediclinic Southern Africa. Africa Day Languages. Unitary dominant-party parliamentary republic with an executive presidency. Retrieved 2 August The charter clearly acknowledges the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in its preamble and explicitly recognises civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights.
The Christian Science Monitor. South Africa's most popular sports are association football, rugby union how to make a dating website successful 100% free asian dating sites australia cricket. Although few South African film productions are known outside South Africa itself, many foreign films have been produced about South Africa. The amendment shall be approved by a simple majority of the State Parties. Archived from the original on 7 January School pupils in Soweto rose up against apartheid education, followed by youth uprisings throughout the country. We provide washable, reusable pads to these girls so that they can stay in school. South Africa first won the Rugby World Cupwhich it hosted. It is the world's largest producer [] of chromemanganeseplatinumvanadium and vermiculite. Diamond and gold production were in well down from their peaks, though South Africa is still number five in gold [] and remains a cornucopia of mineral riches. For the geographical area, see Southern Africa.
South Africa has always been a mining powerhouse. The largest city is Johannesburg. Santa Barbara: Praeger Security International. Nations of the Modern World: Ceylon ed. The south and south-western parts of the plateau at approximately 1,—1, m above sea level , and the adjoining plain below at approximately — m above sea level — see map on the right is known as the Great Karoo , which consists of sparsely populated scrubland. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages, the fourth-highest number in the world. By Pavithra Rao. IDRC Canada, Chairpersons Levy Mwanawasa Kgalema Motlanthe. Southern Sotho 7. Jonathan Crush ed. Main article: South African cuisine. If a State Party to the present Charter has good reasons to believe that another State Party to this Charter has violated the provisions of the Charter, it may draw, by written communication, the attention of that State to the matter. Since its adoption 30 years ago, the Charter has formed the basis for individuals to claim rights in an international forum. By Richard Danziger. Arguably, the most high-profile film portraying South Africa in recent years was District 9. Different methods of transport in South Africa include roads, railways, airports, water, and pipelines for petroleum oil.
While transmitting its report, the Commission may make to the Assembly of Heads of State and Government such recommendations as it deems useful. Retrieved 26 June Main article: Water supply and sanitation in South Africa. She is a gem inside. Retrieved 28 What online dating sites are completely free international asia free dating Retrieved 24 August Areas of little or no population. The encyclopedia of the British Empire the first encyclopedic record of the greatest empire in the history of the world ed. The judicial system consists of the where to meet single asian women russian women dating site thailand courtswhich hear lesser criminal cases and smaller civil cases; the High Courtwhich has divisions that serve as the courts of general jurisdiction for specific areas; the Supreme Court of Appeal ; and the Constitutional Courtwhich is the highest court. Statistics from the South African Department of Environmental Affairs show a record 1, rhinos were killed in Inthe National Party was elected to power. Pressured by other Commonwealth of Nations countries, South Africa withdrew from the organisation in and rejoined it only in The Hottest South How to delete a picture on facebook dating profile meet the women who coined the washington post Girls. Mzansiderived from the Xhosa noun uMzantsi meaning "south", is a colloquial name for South Africa, [28] [29] while some Pan-Africanist political parties prefer the term " Azania ". Each of the nine provinces is governed by a unicameral legislaturewhich is elected every five years by party-list proportional representation. Ina younger, more determined political grouping came to the fore with the launch of the ANC Youth League, a development, which was to foster the leadership of people such as Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu. South Tinder gold by paypal college speed dating events london 40 Girls. The original temperate forest found by the first European settlers was exploited ruthlessly until only small patches remained. The organization urged the South African government to take immediate actions ensuring the safety of the foreign national truck drivers putting up with violence, harassment, intimidation, stoning, bombing, and shooting, by local truck drivers in the country. Retrieved 10 August InSouth Africa celebrated five years since the launch of eharmony open communication best starting tinder lines National Development Plan, which outlines the goals to achieve the vision of a prosperous What to write on my dating profile mobile dating south africa freedom Africa by tackling the triple challenge of unemployment, poverty and inequality by The link between HIV, a virus spread primarily by sexual contact, and AIDS was long denied by former president Thabo Mbeki and his health minister Manto Tshabalala-Msimangwho insisted that the many deaths in the country are due to malnutritionand hence poverty, fet life no phone best free hookup apps like tinder not HIV.
Retrieved 31 December Main article: Culture of South Africa. The ANC says it is needed to safeguard national security. Human Rights. However, the term of office of four of the members elected at the first election shall terminate after two years and the term of office of three others, at the end of four years. South Africa is also home to a substantial Jewish population , descended from European Jews who arrived as a minority among other European settlers. While many blacks have risen to middle or upper classes, the overall unemployment rate of black people worsened between and by official metrics, but declined significantly using expanded definitions. In Ben Cousins ed. The War for Africa: Twelve months that transformed a continent. Top girls names in South Africa Archived from the original on 9 August In August , South Africa was ranked as the top African Country of the Future by fDi magazine based on the country's economic potential , labour environment, cost-effectiveness, infrastructure, business friendliness, and foreign direct investment strategy. Blue economy can be a lifeline for Africa. During the early s, many Dutch settlers departed from the Cape Colony , where they had been subjected to British control, in a series of migrant groups who came to be known as Voortrekkers , meaning "pathfinders" or "pioneers". Retrieved 30 July Countries and territories of Africa. New party launched. Richard Tomlinson, et al. Article 2: Right to Freedom from Discrimination. The Nobel Foundation awarded Mr.
The World Bank Group. Water-saving measures were in effect that required each citizen to use less than 50 litres 13 Tinder do boosts ruin account one night stand app Netherlander gal a day. International Labour Office. Having considered the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, the Arab Republic of Egypt signed the said Charter on 16 November and attached hereto is the following instrument of ratification:. South Africa houses many endemic speciesamong them the critically endangered riverine rabbit Bunolagus monticullaris in the Karoo. Prosecutors bring new corruption charges against. Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula. Studies in Mycology. South Africa's national blind cricket team also went on to win the inaugural edition of the Blind Cricket World Cup in
Article Right to Health. South Africa. South African literature emerged from a unique social and political history. Melokuhle 7 Department of State. Basson had faced charges of murder and conspiracy. Find your perfect south africa image. Main article: Water supply and sanitation in South Africa. Separately, police charge 17 right-wingers with plotting against the state. South Africa Gateway. Download as PDF Printable version. Inthe Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias led the first European voyage to land in southern Africa. Register in seconds to find new friends, share photos, live chat and be part of a great community! Following Lord Carnarvon 's successful introduction of federation in Canadait was thought that similar political effort, coupled with military campaigns, might succeed with the African kingdoms, tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa. Eight years after non cringe funny pick up lines volunteer ideas to meet women end of the Second Boer War and after four years of negotiation, an act of the British Parliament South Africa Act granted nominal independence, while creating the Union of South Africa on 31 May Diamond and gold production were in well down from their peaks, though South Africa is still number five in gold [] and remains a cornucopia of mineral riches.
The Assembly of Heads of State and Government may only consider the draft amendment after all the State Parties have been duly informed of it and the Commission has given its opinion on it at the request of the sponsoring State. While all the languages are formally equal, some languages are spoken more than others. Archived from the original on 21 February No one may, subject to law and order, be submitted to measures restricting the exercise of these freedoms. Archived from the original on 14 October Every individual shall be entitled to the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms recognised and guaranteed in the present Charter without distinction of any kind such as race, ethnic group, colour, sex, language, religion, political or any other opinion, national and social origin, fortune, birth or any status. Tsonga 4. During the world cup people admired the beautiful shapes of the South African women. By Kingsley Ighobor. Retrieved 4 June Further east on the south coast, rainfall is distributed more evenly throughout the year, producing a green landscape. Dating a South African girl could be all you need to ease the stress of the day, although most times they tend to be difficult, lady is the black-word, learn it. In at least some major South African ecosystems, an exceptionally high percentage of fungi are highly specific in terms of the plants with which they occur.
In Maythe country also held its sixth national and provincial elections. South Africa. It is among these people that cultural traditions survive most strongly; as blacks have become increasingly urbanised and Westernisedaspects of traditional culture have declined. Report of the Inter-departmental committee on the native pass laws Report. The primary sources of South African law a free online dating site best sexy dating apps australia Roman-Dutch mercantile law and personal law and English Common lawas imports of Dutch settlements and British colonialism. The Hottest South African Girls. Xhosa More famous traditional musicians include Ladysmith Black Mambazowhile the Soweto String Quartet performs classical music with an African flavour. Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula.
The Commission can only deal with a matter submitted to it after making sure that all local remedies, if they exist, have been exhausted, unless it is obvious to the Commission that the procedure of achieving these remedies would be unduly prolonged. Subsequent standards supplementing the African Charter. State Parties to the present Charter shall have the duty to promote and ensure through teaching, education and publication, the respect of the rights and freedoms contained in the present Charter and to see to it that these freedoms and rights as well as corresponding obligations and duties are understood. Archived from the original on 15 September Article Right to Freedom of Movement. Economy Military. Leonard Thompson. Peri- Antarctic countries and overseas territories. Learners have twelve years of formal schooling, from grade 1 to Nosipho is one of the most beautifully curved celebrities across South Africa, and she always showcases her breathtaking beauty on social media. Like Comment Share. The African Charter helped to steer Africa from the age of human wrongs into a new age of human rights. Rubinstein South Africa Capital: Pretoria Population: He had been receiving intensive medical care at home for a lung infection after spending three months in hospital. Main article: Economy of South Africa.
States with limited recognition. South Africa has always been a mining powerhouse. Zuma sacked. Retrieved 14 August Recently-formed Democratic Alliance captures nearly a quarter of the votes. Archived from the original on 13 June The Economist. The name "South Africa" is derived from the country's online dating sites directory bars in japan where women talk to men location at the southern tip of Africa. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. Horton III October The eastward expansion of Dutch colonists ushered in a series of wars with the southwesterly migrating Xhosa tribe, known as the Xhosa Warsas both sides competed for the pastureland near the Great Fish Riverwhich the colonists desired for grazing cattle. Agitating for change: Women wave flags during a demonstration in Kasbah Square, Tunis. Retrieved 31 July Cambridge University Press.
Whether you want just to chat with African girls or find your real soulmate, Loveawake. That South African Girl. In , 71 percent of net wealth are held by 10 percent richest of the population, whereas 60 percent of the poorest held only 7 percent of the net wealth and the Gini coefficient was 0. Retrieved 7 November Mandela heads ANC's new military wing, which launches sabotage campaign. Mass strike. Twentieth-Century South Africa. Archived from the original on 15 September Department of State. Winters in this region are cold, although snow is rare. Biko Lives! Explanation:- In the interest of early universal ratification of the Charter by the Organisation of African Unity Countries and also since all Heads of State of the OAU will together tackle the problems of administering or enforcing the Charter including, where necessary, criticising fellow Heads of State who are proved to have violated the Charter, all members of the OAU should carry some responsibility, under the Charter, for the state of human and peoples' rights in their respective countries.
The Human Rights Watch reported on 26 August about foreign national truck drivers being subjected to deadly attacks carried out by South African truck drivers. ANC condemns verdict. Register in seconds to find new friends, share photos, live chat and be part of a great community! African Union. There is great diversity in South African music. Many ANC activists freed. Papers relating to legislation affecting natives in the Is localhump a god sex site the affair air date uk Report. Unitary dominant-party parliamentary republic with an executive presidency. Claremont: David Philip Pty Ltd. He reached as far up the eastern coast of Africa as, what he called, Rio do Infanteprobably the present-day Groot Riverin Maybut on his return he saw the Cape, which he first named Cabo das Tormentas 'Cape of Storms'.
Links to related articles. Throughout the s, the boundaries of European influence spread eastwards. The British Empire, — The last census was held in , with a more recent intercensal national survey conducted in Frank Welsh. Retrieved 10 August Retrieved 18 February South Africa signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 4 June , and became a party to the convention on 2 November Whether you want just to chat with African girls or find your real soulmate, Loveawake. Enjoy my quiet times at home relaxing with friends and family. Digital Journal. Retrieved 25 August
Statistics from the South African Department of Environmental Affairs show a record 1, rhinos were killed in ANC banned. Twentieth-Century South Africa. Archived from the original on 15 July Many pure hookup app download how dating works in mexico have syncretic religious practices combining Christian and indigenous influences. By Pavithra Rao. Human beings are inviolable. Tinder snapchat sluts nsa sex in temple Benjamin Tetteh. Johannesburg, South Africa single girls. Most of the plants are evergreen hard-leaf plants with fine, needle-like tinder short guys best bars to get laid in raleigh, such as the sclerophyllous plants. Retrieved 2 September Economy goes into recession for first time in 17 years. Archived from the original on 18 August South Africa has a generally temperate climate because it is surrounded by the Atlantic and Indian Oceans on three sides, because it is located in the climatically milder Southern Hemisphereand because its average elevation rises steadily toward the north toward the equator and further inland. Retrieved 30 October Unsurprisingly, anti-apartheid activists worldwide would draw on the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in their fight.
According to the census, the three most spoken first languages are Zulu The Natives' Land Act of severely restricted the ownership of land by blacks; at that stage they controlled only seven percent of the country. The Bantu slowly moved south. Archived from the original on 14 February As they migrated, these larger Iron Age populations displaced or assimilated earlier peoples. The move followed on from Britain's passing of the Statute of Westminster in , which removed the last vestiges of British legal authority over South Africa. Duncan 31 May After the general elections , former president Jacob Zuma appointed Dr Aaron Motsoaledi as the new health minister and committed his government to increasing funding for and widening the scope of HIV treatment, [] and by , South Africa had made significant progress, with the widespread availability of antiretroviral drugs resulted in an increase in life expectancy from Cape Town, South Africa women dating.
Retrieved 6 May The Little Karoo is historically, and still, famous for its ostrich farming around the town of Oudtshoorn. South African literature emerged from a unique social and political history. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Retrieved 22 Best tinder pics male biggest dating sites in europe As they migrated, these larger Iron Age populations displaced or assimilated earlier peoples. North West. Article Archived from the original on 15 September mutual hate dating app greek canadian dating sites Apartheid and the racial identification which underpinned it explicitly linked race with differential access to resources and power. The resurgence of resistance politics in the early s was dramatic. South Africa has always been a mining powerhouse. South Africa Capital: Pretoria Population: Retrieved 16 December Mzansi is another black urban vernacular term popular with the youth and standing for South Africa. Thandolwethu 6 6.
South Africa is often referred to as the " rainbow nation " to describe the country's multicultural diversity, especially in the wake of apartheid. South Africa's most popular sports are association football, rugby union and cricket. Archived from the original on 25 November Archived from the original PDF on 30 May State Parties to the present Charter shall have the duty to promote and ensure through teaching, education and publication, the respect of the rights and freedoms contained in the present Charter and to see to it that these freedoms and rights as well as corresponding obligations and duties are understood. Leonard Thompson. A life on the move. Main article: Economy of South Africa. The sailors were able to survive by obtaining fresh water and meat from the natives. English-speaking world. Every member of the Commission shall be in office until the date his successor assumes office. South Africa celebrated 20 Years of Freedom in , which was a historic milestone for the country. Links to related articles. The original temperate forest found by the first European settlers was exploited ruthlessly until only small patches remained. States with limited recognition.
Retrieved 4 June Main article: Water supply and sanitation in South Africa. South Africa best playstore sex apps naked sex on snapchat ranked 60th in the Global Innovation Index inup from 63rd in Carbon Brief. Digital Journal. Register in seconds to find new friends, share photos, live chat and be part of a great community! Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. The strike lasts for four weeks and causes widespread disruption to schools, hospitals and public transport. Reaffirming the pledge they solemnly made in Article 2 of the said Charter to eradicate meet me chat and hookup app pick up lines involving cooking forms of colonialism from Africa, to coordinate and intensify their cooperation and efforts to achieve a better life for the peoples of Africa and to promote international cooperation having due regard to the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Financial Secrecy Index. Within three months of the receipt of the Communication, the State to which the Communication is addressed shall give the enquiring State, written explanation or statement elucidating the matter. According to the census, the three most spoken first languages are Zulu European Union. All forms of exploitation and degradation of man, particularly slavery, slave trade, torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment and treatment shall be prohibited. Article Right to Work. In the south-west corner of the country, the Cape Peninsula forms the southernmost tip of the coastal strip which borders the Atlantic Ocean and ultimately terminates at the country's border with Namibia at the Orange River. Respect them in the South African chat room, and you will be rewarded. VOA News. Tragically, disease, unemployment, political unrest, and numerous other factors have led to a devastating orphan crisis in South Africa. These people, who are a physically distinct population from the Bantu people who make up most of the Black Africans in South Africa, have their own cultural identity based on their hunter-gatherer societies. The Christian Science Monitor. Cyril Ramaphosa. Melokuhle 7 Archived from the original on 14 August In , the pass laws were scrapped. Convinced that it is henceforth essential to pay particular attention to the right to development and that civil and political rights cannot be dissociated from economic, social and cultural rights in their conception as well as universality and that the satisfaction of economic, social and cultural rights is a guarantee for the enjoyment of civil and political rights;. French is spoken in South Africa by migrants from Francophone Africa.
With approval from the white electorate in a referendum , the government continued negotiations to end apartheid. South Africa is perhaps one of the African sites that has reached its pinnacle in the world of internet dating, which is why men need to be black careful while choosing these girls. South Africa has published two national climate change reports in and Territories and dependencies. Retrieved 26 August Archived from the original PDF on 21 October Several important scientific and technological developments have originated in South Africa. This was a historic achievement, not only for the movement, but also for South Africa and the continent. Archived from the original on 12 December Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. Unitary dominant-party parliamentary republic with an executive presidency. Each of the nine provinces is governed by a unicameral legislature , which is elected every five years by party-list proportional representation. South Africa: A Narrative History. South Africa is a developing country , ranking th on the Human Development Index. It is the expressed objective of the government to transition the economy to be more reliant on high technology, based on the realisation that South Africa cannot compete with Far Eastern economies in manufacturing, nor can the republic rely on its mineral wealth in perpetuity. The Defiance Campaign of the early s carried mass mobilisation to new heights under the banner of non-violent resistance to the pass laws. Reaffirming the pledge they solemnly made in Article 2 of the said Charter to eradicate all forms of colonialism from Africa, to coordinate and intensify their cooperation and efforts to achieve a better life for the peoples of Africa and to promote international cooperation having due regard to the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights;. French is spoken in South Africa by migrants from Francophone Africa.
President Mbeki resigns over allegations that he interfered in the corruption case against Mr Zuma. Retrieved 17 May She gained fame after her how to get free unlimited likes on tinder iphone how to meet older women who want fwb went viral. The legislature elects a Premier as head of government, and the Premier appoints an Executive Council as a provincial cabinet. Thousands gather to pay their last respects. South African Maritime Safety Authority. It would also inspire several liberation movements, including those that fought against apartheid in South Africa. Im a 38 coloured female loves nature and the outdoors. Research how to find big chested woman dating a punk rocker uk shown how learners, and girls in particular, are vulnerable to violence. No one may, subject to law and order, be submitted to measures restricting the exercise of these freedoms.
After the devastation of the Second Anglo-Boer War, Dutch-descendant Boer farmers fled into cities from the devastated Transvaal and Orange Free State territories to become the class of the white urban poor. No President may serve more than two terms in office. None dominant. It also addresses civil and political rights, including the right to life, liberty and privacy, in addition to economic, social and cultural rights. New party launched. He had been receiving intensive medical care at home for a lung infection after spending three months in hospital. Studies in Mycology. Main article: Economy of South Africa. The provinces are in turn divided into 52 districts : 8 metropolitan and 44 district municipalities. However, all ten other official languages are represented to some extent or another. Pretoria: Briza Publications. Retrieved 25 November